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Naxçivan
KNOWLEDGE OF Naxçivan
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, Armenian: Õ†Õ¡ÕÕ«Õ»Õ¥Õ¾Õ¡Õ¶, Turkish: Nahcivan Özerk Cumhuriyeti, Russian: Ð?ахичеванÑ?каÑ? Ð?втономнаÑ? РеÑ?публика) is an exclave of Azerbaijan. The 5,500 km² region borders Armenia (221 km), Turkey (9 km) and Iran (179 km) and consists of 7 rayons: Babak, Julfa, Kangarli, Ordubad, Sadarak, Shahbuz and Sharur. The main city is Nakhichevan, home to the Nakhichevan State University.
Nakhichevan is extremely arid and mountainous and contains large salt deposits. Major industries in the region include: the mining of minerals such as salt, molybdenum, and lead, cotton ginning/cleaning, silk spinning, fruit canning, meat packing, tobacco producing, growing of grain and market garden produce, and, in the dryer regions, sheep farming. The Republic contains very basic facilities and lacks heating fuel during the winter.
The city of Nakhichevan was first mentioned in Ptolemy's "Geography" as Naksuana and was said to be established in 4400 BCE. Naksuana is ancient Greek for "the land of sweet water". Since it frequently changed empires, sultanates, and khanates, the name of Nakhichevan was altered many times, changing to: Nakshijahan, Nuhchikhan (the place where Noah landed), Nesheva and etc. Throughout history Nakhichevan land brought up prominent persons such as Hindushah ibn Nakhchivani, Abdurrakhman en Neshevi, Ekmouladdin Nakhchivani, Ejemi Nakhchivani, Generals Ehsan, Kelbali, Ismail, Hussein, Jamshid khan Nakhichevanski, Presidents of Azerbaijan Republic Heydar Aliyev and Abulfaz Elchibey and others.
The oldest material culture artifacts found in Nakhichevan date back to the Neolithic Age. The region was part of the states of Mannae and Media in 8 – 7 BCE, Achaemenid state in 6 BCE, and later became part of the state of Atropatene. In 3 century Nakhichevan was conquered by Persia, in 623 by Byzantium, and in the middle 7th century by Arabs. In 8th century this area was the arena of Babak uprising. Nakhichevan was part of feudal states of Sajids and Salarids in 9 – 10 century, and fell under control of Seljuks in 11th century.
In 12th century the city of Nakhichevan became the capital of the Ildegezid state. The magnificent 12th century mausoleum of Momine khatun, the wife of Ildegizid ruler Jahan Pehlevan, is the main attraction of modern Nakhichevan. In 13 – 14 centuries the region was invaded by mongols and Tamerlane. In the 15th century, the territory of Nakhichevan became part of the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu. In the 16th century control of the region passed to the Safavid dynasty of Persia. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between Persia and the Ottoman Empire in 14th – 18th centuries. In 1604, Shah Abbas I, concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas would pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a scorched earth policy. He forced most of the local population, particularly Armenians, to leave their homes and move to Persia, settling many of them in a neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original Julfa (a very rich Armenian town which was looted and burned)[citation needed]. The Nakhichevan khanate emerged in the region in 1747 after the death of Nadir Shah Afshar, the ruler of Persia. After the two Russo-Iranian wars and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Nakhichevan khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828. With the onset of the Russian rule, many Armenians resettled from Persian and Ottoman Empire to Nakhichevan and other areas of Caucasus, as allowed by the treaties of Turkmenchay and Adrianople. The process of resettlement was described in the letters of the Russian envoy to Persia A.S. Griboyedov. Nakhichevan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became part of the new Armenian oblast (region), which in 1849 was renamed the Erivan governorate of the Russian Empire. Nakhichevan became the Nakhichevan uyezd of the governorate. Around 1900, 57% of the population of Nakhichevan were Aderbeijan Tatars, and 42% were Armenians.
After the February Revolution the region was under the authority of Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government. In 1918 Musavat Party proclaimed in Nakhichevan the Republic of Araks, while the Armenian Republic claimed Nakhichevan for itself. The ethnic clashes led to forceful exchange of population.[citation needed] In late 1918 Nakhichevan was occupied by British troops. After withdrawal of British troops Nakhichevan was occupied by 11th Red Army troops and Soviet Socialist Republic of Nakhichevan was proclaimed on 28 July 1920. On 9 February 1924 Nakhichevan Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR was formed. In January 1990 Nakhichevan declared independence from USSR to protest suppression of national movement in Azerbaijan, and became Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic within newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later. It now exists and is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan governed by its own elected parliament.
Nakhichevan is an atmospheric, semi-desert region that is separated from the main portion of Azerbaijan by Armenia. A range of arid mountains make up the border with Armenia and Iran.
Nakhichevan is extremely arid and mountainous and contains large salt deposits. Major industries in the region include: the mining of minerals such as salt, molybdenum, and lead, cotton ginning/cleaning, silk spinning, fruit canning, meat packing, tobacco producing, growing of grain and market garden produce, and, in the dryer regions, sheep farming. The Republic contains very basic facilities and lacks heating fuel during the winter.
The city of Nakhichevan was first mentioned in Ptolemy's "Geography" as Naksuana and was said to be established in 4400 BCE. Naksuana is ancient Greek for "the land of sweet water". Since it frequently changed empires, sultanates, and khanates, the name of Nakhichevan was altered many times, changing to: Nakshijahan, Nuhchikhan (the place where Noah landed), Nesheva and etc. Throughout history Nakhichevan land brought up prominent persons such as Hindushah ibn Nakhchivani, Abdurrakhman en Neshevi, Ekmouladdin Nakhchivani, Ejemi Nakhchivani, Generals Ehsan, Kelbali, Ismail, Hussein, Jamshid khan Nakhichevanski, Presidents of Azerbaijan Republic Heydar Aliyev and Abulfaz Elchibey and others.
The oldest material culture artifacts found in Nakhichevan date back to the Neolithic Age. The region was part of the states of Mannae and Media in 8 – 7 BCE, Achaemenid state in 6 BCE, and later became part of the state of Atropatene. In 3 century Nakhichevan was conquered by Persia, in 623 by Byzantium, and in the middle 7th century by Arabs. In 8th century this area was the arena of Babak uprising. Nakhichevan was part of feudal states of Sajids and Salarids in 9 – 10 century, and fell under control of Seljuks in 11th century.
In 12th century the city of Nakhichevan became the capital of the Ildegezid state. The magnificent 12th century mausoleum of Momine khatun, the wife of Ildegizid ruler Jahan Pehlevan, is the main attraction of modern Nakhichevan. In 13 – 14 centuries the region was invaded by mongols and Tamerlane. In the 15th century, the territory of Nakhichevan became part of the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu. In the 16th century control of the region passed to the Safavid dynasty of Persia. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between Persia and the Ottoman Empire in 14th – 18th centuries. In 1604, Shah Abbas I, concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas would pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a scorched earth policy. He forced most of the local population, particularly Armenians, to leave their homes and move to Persia, settling many of them in a neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original Julfa (a very rich Armenian town which was looted and burned)[citation needed]. The Nakhichevan khanate emerged in the region in 1747 after the death of Nadir Shah Afshar, the ruler of Persia. After the two Russo-Iranian wars and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Nakhichevan khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828. With the onset of the Russian rule, many Armenians resettled from Persian and Ottoman Empire to Nakhichevan and other areas of Caucasus, as allowed by the treaties of Turkmenchay and Adrianople. The process of resettlement was described in the letters of the Russian envoy to Persia A.S. Griboyedov. Nakhichevan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became part of the new Armenian oblast (region), which in 1849 was renamed the Erivan governorate of the Russian Empire. Nakhichevan became the Nakhichevan uyezd of the governorate. Around 1900, 57% of the population of Nakhichevan were Aderbeijan Tatars, and 42% were Armenians.
After the February Revolution the region was under the authority of Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government. In 1918 Musavat Party proclaimed in Nakhichevan the Republic of Araks, while the Armenian Republic claimed Nakhichevan for itself. The ethnic clashes led to forceful exchange of population.[citation needed] In late 1918 Nakhichevan was occupied by British troops. After withdrawal of British troops Nakhichevan was occupied by 11th Red Army troops and Soviet Socialist Republic of Nakhichevan was proclaimed on 28 July 1920. On 9 February 1924 Nakhichevan Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR was formed. In January 1990 Nakhichevan declared independence from USSR to protest suppression of national movement in Azerbaijan, and became Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic within newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later. It now exists and is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan governed by its own elected parliament.
Nakhichevan is an atmospheric, semi-desert region that is separated from the main portion of Azerbaijan by Armenia. A range of arid mountains make up the border with Armenia and Iran.
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