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Dalian (Liaoning)
KNOWLEDGE OF Dalian (Liaoning)
Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; Hanyu Pinyin: Dà lián; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), or Dalny (during Russian controlled periods, aka Dairen during Japanese periods, or from Mid-century (Jointly administered by both USSR/PRC) formerly also Lüda or Luta), is the second of two strategic ice-free seaports on the Liaodong Peninsula.
Today's Dalian is the governing sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Province of the Northeastern People's Republic of China near the southernmost part of historic Manchuria, and serves as the administrative capital for the whole Liadong peninsula (Literally: Eastern Liaoning). The port was situated on the Southern Manchurian Railway about 525 miles (845 km) from Harbin. Port Arthur was initially developed as a commercial, industrial, and shipping center by the Russians starting in 1897-1898, after the Triple Intervention when Russia replaced Japan to lease the Guandong area.
In 1905, the Japanese defeated the Russians in Russo-Japanese War, as a result, the area again came under Japanese control until 1945, when the Soviet Red Army attacked Manchuria and occupied Dalian and Lüshun. In 1955 the Soviet Union handed over the area to the People's Republic of China.
Part of the State of Yan in the Spring and Autumn Period, a minor fishing village Ch'ing-ni-wa became a small town in the 1880s, when the Qing Dynasty established bridges, cannon platforms and camps there. The settlement was occupied by the British in 1858, returned to the Chinese in the 1880s, and then occupied by Japan in 1895 during the first Sino-Japanese War.
In 1898, the Russians took the lease of the peninsular and established Port Arthur as ice-free headquarters of their Pacific Fleet and Dalnyi as a major commercial port. The city's name is derived from the Russian word "dalnyi", which means "distant (port)". Recently, some Chinese scholars pointed out that the Chinese form of the name, Dalian, had been used as early as October 1879, in a document by Li Hongzhang.
Both Dalny (Qingniwaqiao �泥洼桥 of Zhongshan District, Dalian) and Port Arthur (Lüshunkou) were developed and heavily fortified by the Russians in the period prior to 1904. Consequently, some historians blame the fall of Port Arthur on 2 January 1905 for the failure by Admiral Eugen Alexeiev, to concentrate on the naval base and its fortifications. Instead, he split precious resources shipped 8000 kilometers across the single tracked Trans-Siberian Railway and Manchurian railways.
After the Russo-Japanese War Port Arthur was conceded to Japan (Treaty of Portsmouth), who set up the Kwantung Leased Territory or Guandongzhou. Since the foundation of Manchukuo in 1932, the sovereignty of the territory moved from China to Manchukuo. Japan still leased it from Manchukuo. In 1937, the modern Dalian City was enlarged and modernized by the Japanese as two cities: the northern Dairen (Dalian) and the southern Ryojun (Lüshunkou).
After World War II, Dalian was not returned to China, but taken over by Soviets with theoretical Chinese overlordship (see Yalta Conference), and was returned to full Chinese control in 1955, although the first communist Chinese mayor of the new Lüda Administrative Office (旅大行政公署) was appointed in 1945. The name Lüda was formed by combining the first characters of Lüshunkou and Dalian. Because of the sudden closure of many Japanese businesses, many Dalian residents were out of work for an extended period.
Today's Dalian is the governing sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Province of the Northeastern People's Republic of China near the southernmost part of historic Manchuria, and serves as the administrative capital for the whole Liadong peninsula (Literally: Eastern Liaoning). The port was situated on the Southern Manchurian Railway about 525 miles (845 km) from Harbin. Port Arthur was initially developed as a commercial, industrial, and shipping center by the Russians starting in 1897-1898, after the Triple Intervention when Russia replaced Japan to lease the Guandong area.
In 1905, the Japanese defeated the Russians in Russo-Japanese War, as a result, the area again came under Japanese control until 1945, when the Soviet Red Army attacked Manchuria and occupied Dalian and Lüshun. In 1955 the Soviet Union handed over the area to the People's Republic of China.
Part of the State of Yan in the Spring and Autumn Period, a minor fishing village Ch'ing-ni-wa became a small town in the 1880s, when the Qing Dynasty established bridges, cannon platforms and camps there. The settlement was occupied by the British in 1858, returned to the Chinese in the 1880s, and then occupied by Japan in 1895 during the first Sino-Japanese War.
In 1898, the Russians took the lease of the peninsular and established Port Arthur as ice-free headquarters of their Pacific Fleet and Dalnyi as a major commercial port. The city's name is derived from the Russian word "dalnyi", which means "distant (port)". Recently, some Chinese scholars pointed out that the Chinese form of the name, Dalian, had been used as early as October 1879, in a document by Li Hongzhang.
Both Dalny (Qingniwaqiao �泥洼桥 of Zhongshan District, Dalian) and Port Arthur (Lüshunkou) were developed and heavily fortified by the Russians in the period prior to 1904. Consequently, some historians blame the fall of Port Arthur on 2 January 1905 for the failure by Admiral Eugen Alexeiev, to concentrate on the naval base and its fortifications. Instead, he split precious resources shipped 8000 kilometers across the single tracked Trans-Siberian Railway and Manchurian railways.
After the Russo-Japanese War Port Arthur was conceded to Japan (Treaty of Portsmouth), who set up the Kwantung Leased Territory or Guandongzhou. Since the foundation of Manchukuo in 1932, the sovereignty of the territory moved from China to Manchukuo. Japan still leased it from Manchukuo. In 1937, the modern Dalian City was enlarged and modernized by the Japanese as two cities: the northern Dairen (Dalian) and the southern Ryojun (Lüshunkou).
After World War II, Dalian was not returned to China, but taken over by Soviets with theoretical Chinese overlordship (see Yalta Conference), and was returned to full Chinese control in 1955, although the first communist Chinese mayor of the new Lüda Administrative Office (旅大行政公署) was appointed in 1945. The name Lüda was formed by combining the first characters of Lüshunkou and Dalian. Because of the sudden closure of many Japanese businesses, many Dalian residents were out of work for an extended period.
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